Pedin Edhellen - Changes 1.26 -> 2.0 p10: New preface 2nd edition with grammar article links 1.2.1 p16: The genitive in _en_ and genitive by word order are grammatically equivalent - there's only a tendency to express names in genitive by word order, but it has nothing to do with the question of definiteness, the relevant examples do not support this. In addition, I included _na_ as probably singular of _nia_. 1.2.2 p17: Explicitly written that there's presumably no distinction between singular and plural in 2nd person, but between familar and courteous. There may be, however, if so, it would probably be only on the level of emphatic pronouns and verbal endings. See 'Common Eldarin Views on the Sindarin Pronomial System'. 1.2.3 p17: Included remark that there are actually a few nouns with gender-specific endings. 1.3 p18: The genitive grammar examples uses plural forms, so I included them in the vocabulary where appropriate 2.1 p22: Changed _na aeglir_ to _nan aeglir_ to agree with the English translation 2.2.1 p22: Added remark about various subclasses to the main verb classes 2.2.2 p23: A footnote - _-r_ may not be a pronomial ending at all, it may just be a plural marker - we don't really know. 2.2.5 p24: Added remarks that gerunds cannot be pluralized, based on kinship with Quenya forms in _-(i)ta_ which can be inflected for person, but not for case or number. Pluralized gerunds a rather peculiar to English anyway. 2.3 p24: Added plurals 3.1 p27: Corrected tengwar version from _ne Imladris_ to _mi Imladris_, changed _sa dîn..._ into _dîn_, the English 'it' in 'it is silent' is probably just a dummy subject and can be left out in Elvish. 3.2.2 p29: Footnote added clarifying the role of verb lenition 3.3 Added plurals, cleared _faireb_ (unused and probably wrong) 5.1 p39: changed _gên neri adan_ into _gên adan neri_ - sounds clearar, also changed _na aeglir_ into _nan aeglir_ to agree with the translation 5.2.1 p40: Introduced analoguous forms 5.4 p42: If _nin estar_ is used, no lenition of the name occurs, because it is actually in the unlenited quotation mode, cf. _pedo "mellon" a minno_ I deleted the remark accordingly. 6.1 p44: Changed _Edhil_ into _In edhil_ to agree with the translation 6.2.1 p.45: Changed the description of comparative and superlative: 1) In VT45:5 there's an intensifying prefix A- which seems to be corresponding to the Quenya intensifying prefix _an-_. _einior_ 'elder' may well be interpreted as an intensified form of 'old' rather than a true comparative 2) Bertrand Bellet has argued convincingly in Lambengolmor message 642 that the form _Iarwain_ 'Oldest' would rather be akin to _Narwain_ 'new fire, January' and translate literally as 'old-young, ageless', a fitting description of Tom Bombadil. These two points together resolve the puzzling question why the superlative in Sindarin would be so different from its Quenya version and even the Early Qenya and Gnomish way of forming it. Hence I adopt the theory that there's actually only an intensifying prefix in Sindarin like in Quenya. 6.2.3 p.46: Relative sentences as objects presumably remain unlenited - there's no reason to lenit the verb in these cases, because the verb is in no way closely associated with the relative pronoun. 6.4 p.47: Removed the not-so-serious reconstructions _lasguil_, _mornechui_ and _minuinen_, 'tea' could actually be _suthlas_ based on the GL. 7.1 p50: Adopted notion that all intransitive A-verbs form past tense in _-as_, hence changed _hiriant -> hirias_ 7.2.2 p51: Added paragraph explaining the role of the definite article in combination with possessive adjectives. 7.2.3 p51,52: Described _-s_ as the regular past tense formation of all intransitive verbs, there's nothing to suggest that the seen examples would be in any way exceptional. 7.3 p52: The verb _mel-_ is now actually attested 7.4 p53: Changed superlatives in _-wain_ into genitive constructions, rephrased some very questionable sentences. Replaced _mail_ 'dear' with the attested _mell_. Marked _lint_ as unattested, it is based on Quenya _linta_ of course. 8.1 p56: Changed _mi in ich_ into _min ich_, here, actually mixed mutation isn't needed. 8.2.2 p.58: _maethor_ is presumably derived from an agental ending acting on the CE verb, not the bare stem, hence _maktârô -> maethor_ and would have plural _maethoer_ or an analoguous _maethyr_, cf. _makrô -> magor_ 9.1 p62: changed _hirnim i harch_ into _tolem na i harch_ to include an example of past tense by stem vowel strengthening 9.2.1 p62: completely rewritten to agree with what is attested in the Ety's and Addenda and Corrigenda. 9.3: p64: added the words _hal-_, _hav-_, _trenar-_ and _can-_ used to describe the past tense formation 9.4: p65: Changed _i anor_ into _Anor_, the sun counts as a name. 10.1: p68: Changed _aphadatham_ into _beditham_ in order to avoid discussing the complications of the verb _aphad-_ which really belongs into the analoguous classes of conjugation. 10.2.1: p68: Mentioned that there are (possibly) exceptions to the future formation for I-verbs to be discussed later (the analoguous classes). 10.2.2: p69: Included the recently published formation _curu -> cyry_ into the discussion 10.2.3: p70: Added remark about duodecimal numbers 10.3: p70: Marked _ae_ as reconstruction 11.1: p73: Replaced _nara_ by _trenar_, _naro_ is denoted as poetic form anyway. Replaced _tellin_ by _tolen_ Assuming (somewhat shakily) that the reconstructed _hir-_ would form past tense like _tir- > tiriant_ we'd get _hiriant_. Maybe likewise for _*fir-_. Replaced _grungen_ by _grogas_ - there's no need at all to assume there's a mixed conjugation and _groga-_ would belong to it. Replaced _dangen_ by _degannen_ to get an example of an analoguous past tense. Replaced _meithor_ by the more likely plural _maethoer_ 11.2.1, 11.2.2 p74-75: Completely rewritten the two sections - this used to be 'mixed conjugation' 11.2.3 p76: Added lots of beasty phonetic complications of the class plural formation - probably no one is going to need that anyway, but it's cool... 11.3 p77: fixed the vocabulary, deleted obsolete entries and included all verbs of the lesson 11.4 replaced unattested _lint_ by attested _lagor_, corrected _herithar_ to _heriathar_ Changed _amaetham_ to _amaethatham_, marked _cúvenn_ as unattested, corrected _drega-_ to _dreg-_ 12.1 p79: Replaced _nan yrch_ by _an yrch_ to agree with _gurth an glamhoth_ replaced the old comparative _ammeleg_ by _and athan i sigil hin_ 12.2.1 p80: added translation 'beyond' to _athan_ 12.2.2 p81: corrected _'ni_ to _'nin_ 12.4 p82: changed _bangon na chemmaid_ to _bangon chemmaid_, it is not an instrumental changed _gannadon_ to _gennedin_, it is probably an analogical form changed _tellil > tolel_ 13.1 p86: changed _firn_ to _firiant_ - both are speculative... changed _grunger_ to _grogasser_ 13.2.1 p86: Clarified that _o > od_ is optional and favoured before _o-_ 13.3 p88: cleaned vocabulary 13.4 p89: Changed _ú-belin toled_ to _ú-belin teli_ to follow Quenya _polin quetë_ rather than _polin quetita_ 14.1 p92: changed _nan aran fern_ to _o haran fern_ (wrong preposition), _orthornim_ against _orthorem_ 14.2 p94: changed the past tenses _dar- - darn - darnen_ to _dar- - daur - doren_, added section on participles of analoguous forms 14.3 p95: Cleaned vocabulary 15.1 p99: changed _ú-bôl lostad_ to _ú-bôl losto_ to agree with Quenya example 'can', changed _nan thaur_ to _nan daur_ (it is mixed mutation) 15.2.1 p100: Explained in more detail - adjectives are in fact often unlenited in the corpus 15.4 p103: Corrected _nan hâd_ into _nan râd_ (should be 'upon your path') 16.1 p106: Changed _pelir darthad_ into _pelir dartho_, changed tranlsation of _naid affaeg_ from 'worse things' to 'extremely bad things' (intensifying prefix), likewise _naur ammeleg_ from 'greater fire' to 'great fire' (untranslated intensification). Changed _no dhínen_ to _no dínen_ - seems to be a predicatively used adjective and as such probably unmutated (in any case, JRRT often did not carry out _d -> dh_. 16.2.1 p106: Changed unattested _lint_ to attested _lagor_ 16.2.2 p107: Changed _no diriel_ to _no tiriel_ - predicative use, probably unlenited. 16.2.3 p107: changed _an i minn_ into the more attested _'ni minn_ Added section with negated _boe_. 16.2.7 p108: changed _nernin_ to _noren_ (past tense by stem vowel strengthening). 16.4 p109: changed _Suliell_ to _Súliell_, _le telithal_ to _le telitha_ (pronomial endings appear only once) 17.1 p112: changed unattested _lint_ to attested _lagor_, _pôl gweriad_ to _pôl gwerio_, _reniannem_ into _reniassem_ 17.2.3 p113: This section now only refers to A-verbs with stem strengthening and other gimmicks 17.3 p115: Cleared unused vocabulary. 17.4.1 p116: changed _tellin_ to _tolen_, _toll_ to _taul_, changed the translation of _ammaer_ to 'very good' 18.1 p120: changed _ammaer aen darthad_ into _maer darthad aen atham minnad_ (new comparative rule), changed _tur_ to _tûr_. 18.3 p123: cleaned vocabulary 19.1 p126: changed _i vorchaint_ to _i morchaint_ - it is nasal mutation of course, changed _no diriel_ to _no tiriel_ (predicatively used), changed _hine_ to _hent în_, I don't really believe the former form would be preserved, likewise _magola_ to _magol în_. 19.3 p128: cleaned vocabulary 20.1 p132: changed _pôl cened_ into _pôl ceni_, _cant...garel_ to _cant ...'arel_ (missing lenition), _tur_ into _tûr_, changed _danna-_ into _dant_ 20.2.2 p132: changed _nin gennir_ into _nin cennir_ (preceding object should not cause lenition) 20.2.3 p133: changed _nernin_ to _noren_ 20.3 p134: cleaned vocabulary 20.4 p134: changed _tellich_ to _tolech_, changed _sairn_ into _sern_ (the plural pattern of _a_ is somewhat of a puzzle though...) 21.1 p138: changed _edraith_ to _edrath_ - I really think this is a pluralized _ed-rath_ 'way out' in the corpus. Changed _bellir dregad_ into _paul drego_ - _*pol-_ ought to have a stem vowel past tense as well and _gwanod_ requires a singular, and it should be unlenited anyway. 21.3 p142: cleaned vocabulary 21.4.2 p143: changed _tellin_ into _tolen_ 22.1 p146: changed _tellich, tellin_ into _tolech, tolen_, _orthorn_ into _orthor_ 22.2.2 p147: added careful remarks regarding endings 22.2.4 p147: changed _tellin_ into _tolen_ 22.3 p158: cleaned vocabulary 22.4 p149: referenced 'Rogue's guide' instead of Ardalambion for word reconstruction - the guide is specifically written as a Beginner's resource whereas Helge's things are more advanced (and referenced by the Rogue's guide anyway). Pedin Edhellen - Changes 2.0 -> 2.5 Preface p9: changed 'the best place to look' into 'a good starting point' - I don't think any more Ardalambion is necessarily the best place to learn Sindarin; deleted 'Any forms presented in ... without comment' - that should not be done any more. p10: inserted 'At other times, we know several contradictory statements about a form by Tolkien himself out of which one is picked.' replaced dead link www.ardalambion.com > http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/ everywhere 1.1 p16: used consistently emphatic pronouns, changed _hîr Imladris_ to _hîr en Imladris_ to have more variation in the genitives, replaced (unattested) _law_ by _uin_ which is found in PE17:145, changed _mae_ as 'yes' to _ma_ from PE17 1.2.1 p16: placed discussion on definite and indefinite article in front 1.2.2 p17: rewrote section on genitive completely 1.2.3 p18: restructured pronoun table, separated emphatic from non-emphatic pronouns, added attested _ki_ in favour of _*ce_, changed _*so,*se,*sa_ to _ho,he,ha_ (PE17 implies that). 1.3 p19: added _methed_, _naug_, _nirnaeth_, _ma_, and _uin_ 1.4.1 changed 'general Sindarin mode' to 'General Mode' (this is a lengthy discussion, see my article) 1.4.2 changed 'general Sindarin mode' to 'General Mode' 2.1 p22: changed _ce_ into _ci_, changed _lastach_ into _lastog_ 2.2.1: p22: changed 'basic, primitive or strong' into 'basic or primary' to stick with Tolkien's terminology, deleted the superfluous 'different' 2.2.2: p22,23: updated the list of pronominal endings, changed the conjugation examples accordingly, added a footnote explaining my usage of 'thou, thee', added footnote that in some stages _-nt_ is found as 3pl. 2.2.4 p24: added example _anglenno i aran_ 2.2.6 p24: rewrote section on 'and' 2.3 p25: changed plural _failch_ to _felch_ (more likely) 2.4.2: p25: changed 'general Sindarin mode' to 'General Mode' 3.1: p27: replaced _e_ by _ho_ and _sai_ by _hai_, changed _beth nîn_ to _i beth nîn_ to go conform with the later explanation that _i_ is omitted with persons only, replaced _i dawar_ by _galadh a thawar_ to provide an example of mutations following 'and' 3.2.1: p28: added historical notes on mutations 3.2.2: p29f: added adverb rules for mutation, stated that many lenition rules are not always realized, added footnote, added the possibility of _rh > r, lh > l_ into the examples 3.2.3 p30: added section on 'and' 3.3: p31: changed pl. _fair_ into _fîr_, changed pl. _gairdh_ into _gerdh_, pl. _rhaiw_ into _rhoe_ and pl. _salph_ into _selph_ 4.1: p33: Deleted _sai_, _na > mi_, introduced mutation _a phadar_ after 'and', unmutated _vabar > mabar_ and _'wannar > gwannar_ to indicate that rule is optional, changed _aphadar_ to _farar_, _aphad-_ really must be introduced later on, replaced _lachar > narthar_ 4.2.1: p34: added note on sound development, added note on plural of words with final a followed by r,l followed by aspirated stop, these shouldn't go into _ai_ but into _e_, added note that _o_ may sometimes change to _e_, corrected few spelling mistakes 4.2.2: p35: changed nasal mutation pattern of _lh-, rh-_ to the one attested in PE17 4.3: p36: added _nartha-_ 4.4.1: p36: changed 'general Sindarin mode' to 'General Mode' 5.1: p39f: added _ephedinc i venn_ to introduce _aphad-_ and to provide an example of an inclusive 1st person pl. 5.2.2: p40f: changed pronominal ending table, changed conjugation examples 5.3: p42: added _aphad-_ 5.4: p42: added _Ai!_ 6.1: p44f: unmutated _dhartha > dartha_ and _bada > pada_ for reasons of euphony, changed _presta ammen_ to _presta ven_ (really looks more like a direct object), inserted _penim dûr_, changed _avar_ to _uir_ , _sa > ha_, changed _sa ú-vaer_ into _û maer_ using the verb, added _Gerigir i dhâf nîn_ to illustrate the 2nd plural, added _pelilir haltho ven_ to illustrate formal 2nd plural. 6.2.1: p46: added examples for _-weg_ and _-ui_, added information about dynamical lengthening 6.2.2: p45f: rewrote section 7.1: p49f: changed _renich > renig_, _govaethannem > govaethannenc_, _reviannem > reviassenc_ 7.2.2: p51: added usage of the definite article with possessive adjectives 7.2.3: p.51f: added variant form _-st_, emended pronominal suffixes, added remarks on past tense of negative sentences 7.4: p53: changed _nostach > nostog_ 8.1: p55f: changed _i gû veleg_ to _i gû beleg_, the combination _cû beleg_ is actually attested, changed _hirich > hirig_ and _annach > annog_, _reviam > revianc_, _mae > ma_ 8.2.1: p57: deleted _nedh_ (it isn't a preposition), assigned _o(h)_ the same mutation pattern as _a(h)_, added variant _mi, vi_, added information to _na_ which is with lenition 'to towards' and with nasal mutation 'with, with characteristic feature, by use of', added _pen_ which is now attested to cause lenition 8.2.2: p58: added paragraph on analogical formations and possible _-in_ plurals as Didier suggested 8.2.3: p58: changed _lastach > lastog_ and _telich > telig_, dropped _law_ and replaced by _û_, the paragraph is now a partial repetition of the negation chapter, but that is not so bad. 8.2.4: p59: dropped remarks about order in dative and accusative 8.4: p60: changed _na gar > na i gar_ 9.1: p62: changed _bedich > bedig_, _bennin > evennin_, _cennin > egennin_, _tolem > udulem_, _sa > ha_, i naid > nia naid_, _tiriel > tirweg_ 9.2.1: p62: added information, updated examples for augment and pronominals 9.2.2: p64: _sen_ is now attested 9.3: p65: removed _tiriel_ 9.4: p65: added literal gloss of _ring enni_ 10.1: p68: changed _cenitham > cenithanc, telitham > telithanc, beditham > bedithanc_ and _si_ 'now' > _hi_, _athardathanc > ethredithanc_, _mae > ma_ 10.2.1: p68f: changed pronominal endings, changed _pennir > ebennir_ 10.2.2: p69: added remark about mannish use 10.2.3: p70: updated numbers to scheme of PE17, added information on _er, mimp, imp_, added _*haran_ for usefullness. 10.3: p70: added _hi_ 'now', changed _athrada- > athrad-_ 10.4: p71: changed _pelich > pelig_, _vennich > vennig_, _hirich > hirig_, _min arad > er arad_, _hirithach > hirithog_, deleted _aer/aear_ (not in PE17 any more), _habad_ (presumably means 'shoe' instead of 'shore'), added _falas_ instead, added _nadhor_, _îf_ and _pind_ 11.1: p73: changed _e > ho_, _tolen > udulen_, _a lathrannem > a lhathrannem_, _heriant > herias_, _firianner > firiasser_ 11.2.1: p74ff: added augmented forms where applicable, changed pronominal suffixes in conjugation examples 11.2.4: p77: removed greybox, this is now attested, changed _cuinach > cuinog_ and _belich > belig_ 11.3: p77: changed _sol- > hol-_ 11.4: p78: changed _rochyn > rechyn_, _govaetham > govaethanc_, _amaethatham > amaethathanc_ 12.1: p79: changed _dharthar > darthar_, a pilin > a philin_, _'erir > sevir_ 12.2.1: p80: added discussion on _nan_ 12.4: p82: changed _ned_ to _erin_ in 'my birthday is on', _nostor lin > i nostor lin_, _tolel > udulel_ 13.1: p86: changed _i in edhil > i 'n edhil_, _en aran > o haran_, _firiant > firias_, _bent > ebent_, _ardh nin > i ardh nin_, _si > hi_, added _nan aran fern_ 13.2.5: p88: added section on variant article 13.2.6: p88: changed _paenui > caenui_ for consistency 13.4: p89: changed _achenitham > achenithanc, geveditham > gevedithanc_ 14.1: p91f: changed _a tíriel > a thíriel_, _dheliannen > deliannen_, _orthorem > orthurenc_, _min tiriel > mi tiriel_ 14.2.1: p93: changed _lostannen > lostassen_, _airdh > erdh_ p94: added remarks about other verbal adjectives, changed _hollen > chollen, hellin > chellin_ 14.2.3: p95: changed _sol- > hol-_, _thaur > othur_ 14.3: p95: deleted _si_ 'now' (already introduced) 14.4: p96: changed _nedh i 'waew > vin 'waew_, _*mornaew > craban_ p97: changed _degithon > ristathon_ 15.1: p99f: changed _vaer > vae_, _hammad > i chammad_, a hent > a i chent_, _a > ah_, _dheleb > deleb_, _rocha > northa_ 15.2.1: p101: it seems adjectives in a row should not be all lenited, instead the apparent mutations in lists are often caused by 'and' - however adjectives may mutate nouns 15.2.2: p101: shortened considerably, the distinction of the sequence may not be carried out, so I deleted many too bold examples 15.2.3: p102: changed in examples _si/hi_ to _him_ - according to PE17 si/hi are different words anyway, changed _i-mellyn > enam mellyn_ 15.2.4: p103: added section on adverbs, they actually may not be so simple in Sindarin 15.3: p103: added _far, farn, uireb, ui, him, anann_ 15.4: p104: changed _mathach > mathog_, added footnote, changed _im > ni_ (isn't really emphatic) 16.1: p105f: changed _si > hi_, _mín > mí_, _verthar > verthathar_, _lachatham > narthathanc_ 16.2.1: p106: added paragraph on imperative to express wishes 16.2.2: p107: added example 16.2.3: p107: added reference to Latin 'necesse est', changed _si > hi_ 16.2.7: p108: changed _cennin > egennin_, _noren > onuren_, _im > ni_ 16.3: p109: added _boe_ 16.4: p109: changed _-ch > -g_, _e > ho_ 17.1: p111f: changed _lagor > lim_, _englenniel > mí englenniel_, _sa > ha_, _onech > oneg_, _agorem > agorenc_, _ceritham> cerithanc_, voratham > vorathanc, _cerim > cerinc_, _hiritham > hirithanc_, _mae > ma_, added _awen naw_, _anwenc os sarch_ 17.2.2: p113: added augments and pronominal endings 17.2.3: p113: added pronominal endings, added example _elia-_ 17.2.4: p113: completely rewritten 17.2.5: p115: changed _anirn > anirant_, _osgarn > osgor_ 17.3: p115: added _carfa-_, _gwa-_ and _gala-_ 17.4.1: p116: changed _tolen > udulen_, _cenn > egent_, _danc > adhanc_, _taul > udul_ 18.1: p119f: changed _sa > ha_, _harnui > sarnui_, _in > enan_, inserted _caedar_, changed _gerir athrabeth > carfar_, _nedh > vi_, _'arel > na_ (property), _sollen > hollen_ 18.2.8: p123: added section on analogical use, there is some evidence by now 18:3: p123: added _*caeda-_ 18.4.1: p124: changed _dhanner > danner_ 18.4.2: p124: changed _pelich > pelig_, _dhartha > dartha_, _anírach > anírog_, added footnote on late reflexive use 19.1: p125f: changed _faeg > fae_, _galadach > galadag_, _magolan > maglan_, _galadath din > i 'aladath din_, _nedh > mi_, _sôl > hôl_, _vagol > magol_, _dhrava > drava_, _si > hi_, _genich > genigir_, _pelich > peligir_ 19.2.1: p126: replaced _allen > le_ as found in text samples 19.2.2: p127: deleted most of the table, assumed use based on emphatic pronouns and a reflexive 19.2.3: p128: changed table to PE17, added footnote, updated all examples, added remark on _magol > maglan_ 19.3: p128: added _*fae_ 19.4: p130: changed _chirich > chirig_ 20.1: p131f: changed _na 'lam > na nglam_ (na as instrumental does nasal mutation), _nan > ned_, _'arel > na_, _magol din > i vagol din_, _dant > danna_ (is now attested), _dan sui > dan ho sui_, _dhrega > drega_, _a lasta > lhasta_ 20.2.1: p132: added remark of caution 20.2.2: p132: changed _cennir > egennir_ 20.2.3: p133: changed _si > hi_, updated pronouns, changed _noren > onuren_, _telithach > telithagir_, _im > ni_ 20.2.5: p133: added section on diminutives 20.3: p134: added _caun_ and _neth_ 20.4: p134: deleted first paragraph, added remarks on demonstrative 'that' 21.1: p137f: changed _edrath > edraith_ (Tolkien says so), _paul > obul_, _sôl > hôl_, _bada > pada_ 21.2.2: p139: added section on assimilation 21.2.3: p140: added footnote, added s-mutation, added contrast _cirdan <> Barthan_ 21.2.5: p141: shortened paragraph, in essence _vi_ is presumably lenited because it comes from _imi_, not because of some weird grammar. So it now refers just to indeclinable forms. 21.2.8: p142: changed _si > hi_ 21.2.9: p142: changed _im > ni_ 21.3: p143: added _ceredir, glawar, gwelu, hobas, magli, men_ 21.4: p143: changed _cennin > tiriannen_, _cemmin > egemmin_, _lachannen > narthannen_, _lostannen > lostassen_, _si > hi_ 21.4.2: p144: changed _bant > avant_, _tolen > udulen_, _mudassech > mudasseg_, _sa > ha_, added _far_ 22.1: p145f: changed _tolech > uduleg_, _tolen > udulen_, _agorech > agoreg_, _im > ni_, _cennin > egennin_, _cerithach > cerithog_, _a doer > a thoer_ 22.2.2: p147: deleted reference to mixed conjugation 22.2.4: p147: added section 22.2.5: p148: changed _tolen > udulen_ 22.2.6: p148: changed _-ch > -g_ everywhere Changes 2.5 -> 3.0 6.2.1: p45: inserted _rau-, ro-_ as adjective intensifyer 10.1: p68: changed _tolthatham > tolthathanc_